The proposed activity aims to conduct advanced research and development to demonstrate the technical feasibility of continuous power generation from the quantum field, applicable to both terrestrial and space environments. This research will significantly enhance our understanding of quantum field theory and the nature of the quantum vacuum, with the ultimate goal of developing a novel power generation technology and facilitating its commercialization.
\r\nThe objective of this Phase 1 SBIR project was to advance scientific and engineering knowledge related to quantum field theory and quantum vacuum phenomena as they pertain to power generation. To achieve this objective, the project focused on improving numerical analysis tools used for the design and optimization of custom power cells. These improvements included refining the ability to predict tunneling current magnitudes for specific metal-insulator-metal (MIM) configurations and determining the optimal combinations of materials and insulator thicknesses to maximize performance.
\r\nAs part of the project, several prototype power cell designs were developed and fabricated. These prototypes utilized different combinations of metal and insulator materials carefully chosen to enhance electron tunneling potential. The materials were selected based on their electrical properties, stability, and compatibility with quantum tunneling processes. Once fabricated, these prototypes were subjected to rigorous testing using a high-impedance measurement device. The testing protocol involved storing the chips in a dark, RF-shielded enclosure to prevent external interference and measuring their ability to accumulate charge, followed by a slow, controlled discharge process. The results revealed that the chips produced a higher-than-anticipated voltage output, a promising indication of the Casimir power chip’s potential to harvest energy from quantum fields.
\r\nThis higher voltage output represents a critical milestone and serves as a pathfinder for further exploration of Casimir power chips. The test data collected during these experiments informed updates to the tunnel current analysis algorithms within the Casimir analysis tools. These enhancements to the design tools will enable the development of improved power cell designs in subsequent phases of research, bringing the technology closer to practical applications.
\r\nThe broader impact of this Phase 1 SBIR project is the potential for a paradigm shift in power generation. The envisioned technology promises to deliver compact, clean, and lightweight power sources capable of providing consistent power regardless of environmental conditions. Unlike conventional power generation methods, this continuous electricity from quantum fields produces zero greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a cleaner environment and reducing health burdens associated with air pollution. By addressing the growing demand for sustainable energy, this technology supports the health and welfare of the American public.
\r\nFurthermore, the availability of a continuous, compact power supply has significant implications for national defense. Reliable and maintenance-free power sources can enhance the range, safety, and operational capability of military vehicles, frontline facilities, and autonomous systems. The ability to produce and distribute energy in a portable and efficient manner strengthens logistical operations and reduces dependence on traditional fuel supplies. This innovation supports strategic objectives by providing energy solutions that are resilient, adaptable, and capable of functioning in remote or hostile environments.
\r\nThe potential for commercialization is substantial, driven by the increasing global energy demand, which is projected to rise by 50% by 2050. Meeting this demand will require innovative technologies that can provide sustainable and affordable power. The ability to generate continuous electricity from quantum fields offers a competitive advantage by delivering lower-cost energy solutions for consumer, industrial, and commercial applications. This technology can reduce reliance on traditional power sources such as fossil fuels, chemical batteries, and extensive electrical grid infrastructure. Instead, it offers an environmentally friendly, scalable, and cost-effective alternative.
\r\nMoreover, this concept represents a disruptive and transformative advancement in power generation. By providing a source of clean, safe, abundant, and affordable energy, Casimir power chips have the potential to address many of the world’s pressing energy challenges. Industries ranging from healthcare to telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, and manufacturing stand to benefit from this breakthrough. For instance, wearable medical devices, remote sensors, autonomous vehicles, and satellite systems could all leverage continuous, maintenance-free power to enhance functionality and reliability.
\r\nIn conclusion, the research and development undertaken in this Phase 1 SBIR project have demonstrated the feasibility and potential of continuous power generation from the quantum field. The results pave the way for future innovations that could revolutionize the way electrical power is generated and utilized. By combining scientific exploration with practical engineering, this project contributes to a sustainable energy future, economic competitiveness, and national security. Continued investment in this technology will unlock new possibilities for clean energy, positioning the United States as a leader in the global energy landscape.
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\n Last Modified: 12/31/2024
\nModified by: Harold White
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![\"Generation](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2024/2423233/2423233_10921819_1735676465328_gen3_chip--rgov-66x44.jpg\")
\n\n\nImage of Generation 3 Casimir power chip\nCasimir\nCopyrighted\nHarold White\n\n\nGeneration 3 Chip\n
![\"Generation](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2024/2423233/2423233_10921819_1735676465328_gen3_chip--rgov-214x142.jpg\")
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\n","publicAccessMandate":"1","publicationResearch":["Physical review and Physical review letters index~2022~105~C. Gong, J. Bryan~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.105.052209~Decay mechanisms of ensemble averages of nonlinear oscillators~10402767~10402767~OSTI~2023-03-23 13:00:47.08","SN Computer Science~2022~3~C. Gong, J. Bryan~https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01094-0~Evolutionary symbolic regression from a probabilistic perspective~10402769~10402769~OSTI~2023-03-23 13:08:56.103","The European physical journal~2023~141~C. Gong, Q. Su~https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/acc12b~Birth process of electron-positron pairs inside supercritical fields~10402772~10402772~OSTI~2023-03-23 13:18:56.483","Journal of physics~2021~54~C. Gong, Q. Su~Vacuum polarization is not a precursor for permanent pair creation~10319400~10319400~OSTI~2022-03-23 21:03:21.65","The European physical journal~2023~77~C. Gong, Y.J. Li~https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-022-00586-1~Computational approaches to examine the vacuum polarization density~10402771~10402771~OSTI~2023-03-23 13:15:49.67","The European physical journal~2023~141~C.K. Li, D.D. Su~Probing the spatial structure of the Dirac vacuum via phase-controlled colliding laser pulses~55001~10402774~10402774~OSTI~2023-03-23 13:20:59.146","Physical review and Physical review letters index~2022~105~D.D. Su, C.K. Li~Control of the laser-induced vacuum decay by electronic phases~053114~10402770~10402770~OSTI~2023-03-23 13:13:26.076","Physical review and Physical review letters index~2022~105~D.D. Su, Y.T. Li~Dynamical effects of Pauli blocking on resonant multi-electron ionization~013110~10402765~10402765~OSTI~2023-03-23 12:56:09.156","Physical review~2021~103~D.D. Su, Y.T. Li~Laser-induced level shifts and splittings in multiphoton pair creation~10319402~10319402~OSTI~2022-03-23 21:03:21.673","Physical review~2024~109~Gong, C and Su, Q and Grobe, R~Subtraction-based densities for positrons created inside supercritical fields~N~10529326~10529326~OSTI~2024-08-01 17:22:52.086","Journal of the Optical Society of America B~2021~38~Gong, C. and Su, Q. and Grobe, R.~https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.439484~Machine learning techniques in the examination of the electron-positron pair creation process~10319404~10306365~OSTI~2024-08-07 00:11:47.87","SN computer science~2021~3~Yost, J and Rizo, L and Fang, X and Su, Q and Grobe, R~Exactly predictable functions for simple neural networks~10319407~10319407~OSTI~2024-08-02 11:09:46.98"],"startDate":"08/15/2021","title":"RUI: Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Matter in Intense Laser Fields","transType":"Standard Grant","ueiNumber":"V6WTL4T5FFJ3"},{"abstractText":"The quantum vacuum is a busy place, with particles popping into and out of existence for short periods of time. This activity gives rise to amazing phenomena, such as the attractive force between closely-spaced uncharged conducting plates, or between neutral atoms, discovered by Casimir more than 70 years ago. A beginning is being made to see how to exploit these Casimir forces in practical devices and nanomachinery. By changing the properties of the objects that interact, and the environment in which they are immersed, the forces can be repulsive rather than attractive. When the objects and atoms are in motion, quantum frictional forces arise between atoms and surfaces even when they are not in contact. This project advances the progress of science and promotes the education of a diverse group of students and researchers. This interdisciplinary work has significant impacts in biology, chemistry, atomic and nuclear physics, and is even finding applications in planetary science.\r\n\r\nSpecific topics to be considered include: (1) Negative Casimir entropies. It is now well known that the interaction entropy between atoms, or between atoms and metallic surfaces, for example, are often negative. Although it was suggested that the positive self-entropies of the atoms themselves would cancel this effect, we have now discovered that this is in general not the case, and that self interactions typically lead to a region of negative entropy. (2) Quantum vacuum forces between atoms and surfaces in inhomogeneous media. Nearly all work on Casimir forces between bodies assumes they are separated by vacuum, or by a homogeneous dielectric medium. But if they they are separated by a spatially varying medium, divergences appear which are not well understood. The group has made some preliminary proposals as to how to extract meaningful interaction energies, but the general situation will require much more work. (3) Repulsive Casimir forces and nonmonotonic torques. Casimir forces can turn repulsive, and not merely with exotic combinations of materials. This is not unrelated to the negative entropies seen ubiquitously, and reflects the nonmonotonicity of the free energy. With anisotropic materials, Casimir torques can undergo sign changes with the distances between atoms and surfaces. Real-world applications to such long-standing problems such as the freezing of ice, and the interaction of greenhouse gases with substrates are being explored. (4) Casimir friction. When an atom or a dielectric plate is moved parallel to nearby plate, a frictional force is experienced due to the interaction with the fluctuations in the electromagnetic vacuum. This requires understanding nonequilibrium dissipative effects. Systematic ways of treating such phenomena are being developed, with the intent of proposing accessible experimental signatures.\r\n\r\nThis award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA","awardeeAddress":"660 PARRINGTON OVAL RM 301","awardeeCity":"NORMAN","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"04","awardeeDistrictCode":"OK04","awardeeName":"University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","awardeePhone":"4053254757","awardeeStateCode":"OK","awardeeZipCode":"730193003","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"06/26/2020","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"240000","expDate":"07/31/2025","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"AMO Theory/Atomic, Molecular &","fundsObligated":["FY 2020 = $80,000.00","FY 2021 = $80,000.00","FY 2022 = $80,000.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"240000","histAwd":"false","id":"2008417","initAmendmentDate":"06/26/2020","jrnl":[{"artTitl":"Energetics of quantum vacuum friction: Field fluctuations","auth":"Guo, Xin and Milton, Kimball A. and Kennedy, Gerard and McNulty, William P. and Pourtolami, Nima and Li, Yang","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.116006","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review D","jrnlVol":"104","jrnlYr":"2021","parPblcId":"10328564"},{"artTitl":"Perspectives on Quantum Friction: Self-Propulsion and Self-Torque","auth":"Milton, Kimball A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerald","authIndCode":"N","jrnlTitl":"Physics letters A","jrnlVol":"545","jrnlYr":"2025","parPblcId":"10646112"},{"artTitl":"Casimir self-entropy of nanoparticles with classical polarizabilities: Electromagnetic field fluctuations","auth":"Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Parashar, Prachi and Kennedy, Gerard and Pourtolami, Nima and Guo, Xin","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.036002","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review D","jrnlVol":"106","jrnlYr":"2022","parPblcId":"10418757"},{"artTitl":"Thermal Casimir interactions in multiparticle systems: Scattering channel approach","auth":"Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Brevik, Iver","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.032802","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"108","jrnlYr":"2023","parPblcId":"10504789"},{"artTitl":"Quantum self-propulsion of an inhomogeneous object out of thermal equilibrium","auth":"Milton, Kimball_A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerard","authIndCode":"N","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.042814","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"110","jrnlYr":"2024","parPblcId":"10551069"},{"artTitl":"Self-force on moving electric and magnetic dipoles: Dipole radiation, Vavilov-erenkov radiation, friction with a conducting surface, and the Einstein-Hopf effect","auth":"Milton, Kimball A. and Day, Hannah and Li, Yang and Guo, Xin and Kennedy, Gerard","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043347","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review Research","jrnlVol":"2","jrnlYr":"2020","parPblcId":"10229808"},{"artTitl":"Energetics of quantum vacuum friction. II. Dipole fluctuations and field fluctuations","auth":"Guo, Xin and Milton, Kimball A. and Kennedy, Gerard and McNulty, William P. and Pourtolami, Nima and Li, Yang","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.016008","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review D","jrnlVol":"106","jrnlYr":"2022","parPblcId":"10418748"},{"artTitl":"Quantum friction in the presence of a perfectly conducting plate","auth":"Guo, Xin and Milton, Kimball A. and Kennedy, Gerard and Pourtolami, Nima","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.107.062812","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"107","jrnlYr":"2023","parPblcId":"10423427"},{"artTitl":"Quantum torque on a non-reciprocal body out of thermal equilibrium and induced by a magnetic field of arbitrary strength","auth":"Kennedy, Gerard","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-023-01068-0","jrnlTitl":"The European Physical Journal Special Topics","jrnlVol":"232","jrnlYr":"2024","parPblcId":"10483854"},{"artTitl":"Origin of anomalously stabilizing ice layers on methane gas hydrates near rock surface","auth":"Li, Yang and Corkery, Robert W. and Carretero-Palacios, Sol and Berland, Kristian and Esteso, Victoria and Fiedler, Johannes and Milton, Kimball A. and Brevik, Iver and Boström, Mathias","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP04883C","jrnlTitl":"Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics","jrnlVol":"25","jrnlYr":"2023","parPblcId":"10418823"},{"artTitl":"Quantum vacuum self-propulsion and torque","auth":"Milton, Kimball A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerard","authIndCode":"N","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X25430158","jrnlTitl":"International Journal of Modern Physics A","jrnlVol":"40","jrnlYr":"2025","parPblcId":"10646021"},{"artTitl":"Spontaneous torque on an inhomogeneous chiral body out of thermal equilibrium","auth":"Milton, Kimball A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerard","authIndCode":"N","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.111.022815","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"111","jrnlYr":"2025","parPblcId":"10646111"},{"artTitl":"Premelting and formation of ice due to Casimir-Lifshitz interactions: Impact of improved parameterization for materials","auth":"Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Brevik, Iver and Malyi, Oleksandr I. and Thiyam, Priyadarshini and Persson, Clas and Parsons, Drew F. and Boström, Mathias","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.014203","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review B","jrnlVol":"105","jrnlYr":"2022","parPblcId":"10328565"},{"artTitl":"Negativity of the Casimir Self-Entropy in Spherical Geometries","auth":"Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Parashar, Prachi and Hong, Lujun","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e23020214","jrnlTitl":"Entropy","jrnlVol":"23","jrnlYr":"2021","parPblcId":"10229805"},{"artTitl":"Vacuum torque, propulsive forces, and anomalous tangential forces: Effects of nonreciprocal media out of thermal equilibrium","auth":"Milton, Kimball A. and Guo, Xin and Kennedy, Gerard and Pourtolami, Nima and DelCol, Dylan M.","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.022809","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"108","jrnlYr":"2023","parPblcId":"10504788"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"06/13/2022","managingPec":"128400","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"","pdPIName":"Kimball A Milton","perfAddress":"Dept. of Physics and Astronomy","perfCity":"Norman","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"04","perfDistrictCode":"OK04","perfLocation":"University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","perfStateCode":"OK","perfZipCode":"730192060","pi":["Kimball A Milton milton@nhn.ou.edu"],"piEmail":"milton@nhn.ou.edu","piFirstName":"Kimball","piId":"000115863","piLastName":"Milton","piMiddeInitial":"A","poEmail":"mcavagne@nsf.gov","poName":"Mike Cavagnero","poPhone":"7032927927","primaryProgram":["01002223DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT","01002122DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT","01002021DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"128400","program":"NANO NON-SOLIC SCI & ENG AWD, EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES","progRefCode":"7237, 9150","projectOutComesReport":"Probing the spatial structure of the Dirac vacuum via phase-controlled colliding laser pulsesBirth process of electron-positron pairs inside supercritical fieldsComputational approaches to examine the vacuum polarization densityControl of the laser-induced vacuum decay by electronic phasesEvolutionary symbolic regression from a probabilistic perspectiveDecay mechanisms of ensemble averages of nonlinear oscillatorsDynamical effects of Pauli blocking on resonant multi-electron ionizationExactly predictable functions for simple neural networksMachine learning techniques in the examination of the electron-positron pair creation processLaser-induced level shifts and splittings in multiphoton pair creationVacuum polarization is not a precursor for permanent pair creation\"Probing the spatial structure of the Dirac vacuum via phase-controlled colliding laser pulses\"C.K. Li, D.D. Su, Y.J. Li, Q. Su and R. Grobe, Euro. Phys. Lett. 141, 55001 (2023).\"Birth process of electron-positron pairs inside supercritical fields\"C. Gong, Q. Su and R. Grobe, Euro. Phys. Lett. 141, 65001 (2023).\"Computational approaches to examine the vacuum polarization density\"C. Gong, Y.J. Li, T.T. Xi, Q. Su and R. Grobe, Euro. Phys. J. D 77, 4 (2023).\"Control of the laser-induced vacuum decay by electronic phases\"D.D. Su, C.K. Li, Q. Su and R. Grobe, Phys. Rev. A 105, 053114 (2022).\"Evolutionary symbolic regression from a probabilistic perspective\"C. Gong, J. Bryan, A. Furcoiu*, Q. Su and R. Grobe, Springer Nature: Comp. Sci. 3, 209 (2022).\"Decay mechanisms of ensemble averages of nonlinear oscillators\"C. Gong, J. Bryan, Q. Su and R. Grobe, Phys. Rev. A 105, 052209 (2022).\"Dynamical effects of Pauli blocking on resonant multi-electron ionization\"D.D. Su, Y.T. Li, Q. Su and R. Grobe, Phys. Rev. A 105, 013110 (2022).
\n
\n Last Modified: 06/06/2025
\nModified by: Q Charles Su
\n
\n\n\n","publicAccessMandate":"1","publicationResearch":["Physical Review D~2021~104~Guo, Xin and Milton, Kimball A. and Kennedy, Gerard and McNulty, William P. and Pourtolami, Nima and Li, Yang~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.116006~Energetics of quantum vacuum friction: Field fluctuations~10328564~10328564~OSTI~2022-05-29 21:03:24.266","Physics letters A~2025~545~Milton, Kimball A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerald~Perspectives on Quantum Friction: Self-Propulsion and Self-Torque~N~10646112~10646112~OSTI~2025-11-08 18:04:19.046","Physical Review D~2022~106~Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Parashar, Prachi and Kennedy, Gerard and Pourtolami, Nima and Guo, Xin~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.036002~Casimir self-entropy of nanoparticles with classical polarizabilities: Electromagnetic field fluctuations~10418757~10418757~OSTI~2023-06-04 13:59:58.63","Physical Review A~2023~108~Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Brevik, Iver~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.032802~Thermal Casimir interactions in multiparticle systems: Scattering channel approach~10504789~10504789~OSTI~2024-05-04 17:40:01.3","Physical Review A~2024~110~Milton, Kimball_A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerard~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.042814~Quantum self-propulsion of an inhomogeneous object out of thermal equilibrium~N~10646020~10551069~OSTI~2025-10-11 00:16:18.256","Physical Review Research~2020~2~Milton, Kimball A. and Day, Hannah and Li, Yang and Guo, Xin and Kennedy, Gerard~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043347~Self-force on moving electric and magnetic dipoles: Dipole radiation, Vavilov-erenkov radiation, friction with a conducting surface, and the Einstein-Hopf effect~10229808~10229808~OSTI~2021-05-20 13:01:55.586","Physical Review D~2022~106~Guo, Xin and Milton, Kimball A. and Kennedy, Gerard and McNulty, William P. and Pourtolami, Nima and Li, Yang~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.016008~Energetics of quantum vacuum friction. II. Dipole fluctuations and field fluctuations~10418748~10418748~OSTI~2023-06-04 13:08:14.256","Physical Review A~2023~107~Guo, Xin and Milton, Kimball A. and Kennedy, Gerard and Pourtolami, Nima~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.107.062812~Quantum friction in the presence of a perfectly conducting plate~10423427~10423427~OSTI~2023-06-18 08:07:28.733","The European Physical Journal Special Topics~2024~232~Kennedy, Gerard~https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-023-01068-0~Quantum torque on a non-reciprocal body out of thermal equilibrium and induced by a magnetic field of arbitrary strength~10505377~10483854~OSTI~2024-02-16 12:00:25","Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics~2023~25~Li, Yang and Corkery, Robert W. and Carretero-Palacios, Sol and Berland, Kristian and Esteso, Victoria and Fiedler, Johannes and Milton, Kimball A. and Brevik, Iver and Boström, Mathias~https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP04883C~Origin of anomalously stabilizing ice layers on methane gas hydrates near rock surface~6636 to 6652~10418823~10418823~OSTI~2023-06-04 16:14:57.876","International Journal of Modern Physics A~2025~40~Milton, Kimball A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerard~https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X25430158~Quantum vacuum self-propulsion and torque~N~10646021~10646021~OSTI~2025-11-04 19:01:13.516","Physical Review A~2025~111~Milton, Kimball A and Pourtolami, Nima and Kennedy, Gerard~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.111.022815~Spontaneous torque on an inhomogeneous chiral body out of thermal equilibrium~N~10646111~10646111~OSTI~2025-11-05 13:26:12.156","Physical Review B~2022~105~Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Brevik, Iver and Malyi, Oleksandr I. and Thiyam, Priyadarshini and Persson, Clas and Parsons, Drew F. and Boström, Mathias~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.014203~Premelting and formation of ice due to Casimir-Lifshitz interactions: Impact of improved parameterization for materials~10328565~10328565~OSTI~2022-05-29 21:03:23.65","Entropy~2021~23~Li, Yang and Milton, Kimball A. and Parashar, Prachi and Hong, Lujun~https://doi.org/10.3390/e23020214~Negativity of the Casimir Self-Entropy in Spherical Geometries~214~10229805~10229805~OSTI~2021-05-20 13:01:54.62","Physical Review A~2023~108~Milton, Kimball A. and Guo, Xin and Kennedy, Gerard and Pourtolami, Nima and DelCol, Dylan M.~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.022809~Vacuum torque, propulsive forces, and anomalous tangential forces: Effects of nonreciprocal media out of thermal equilibrium~10504788~10504788~OSTI~2024-05-04 17:23:41.3"],"startDate":"08/01/2020","title":"Advances in Casimir-Polder Interactions between Atoms and Substrates","transType":"Continuing Grant","ueiNumber":"EVTSTTLCEWS5"},{"abstractText":"The development of lasers capable of delivering extreme intensities in a short time period has placed us at the threshold of a new era for experimental investigation. As these tools mature over the next few years, they will enable exploration of phenomena associated with matter and antimatter that could help with the interpretation of recent astrophysical observations as well as shed light on a variety of fundamental questions such as the Standard Model of Particle Physics and Dark Matter. A major roadblock inhibiting their employment, however, is a reliable way to measure intensities. This project is devoted to developing an intensity gauge that is straightforward to implement and transferable to other laboratories. Establishing suitable techniques for intensity measurement is a long-standing desire of the laser community. A host of studies ranging from generating novel light sources to probing warm dense matter to developing laser-based medical applications will also benefit greatly from this project. Together with the emphasis on international engagement, and including underrepresented minorities and in this endeavor, this project is providing a much-needed instrument while training a diverse cadre of students.\r\n\r\nThe development of multi-petawatt lasers of short duration has placed us at the threshold of a new era. Critical experimental investigations of nonlinear aspects of electrodynamics -- how light interacts with matter and itself, -- which largely undergirds our current understanding of the quantum vacuum, will be possible. A major roadblock inhibiting progress towards realizing precision measurement at the petawatt level is an ability to measure the intensity directly. This project is devoted to developing an intensity gauge that is (i) straightforward to implement, not requiring a major experimental effort to employ, (ii) minimally intrusive, allowing the primary experiment to be performed uninhibited, (iii) sensitive to beam characteristic changes that can degrade the energy in the focus from shot to shot and (iv) single-shot capable. A promising technique meeting these desires is based on relativistic Thomson scattering. Details of Thomson scattering are being investigated by (i) monitoring the fundamental and second-harmonic radiation, (ii) measuring the angular distribution of the radiation and (iii) measuring the energy and angular distribution of the Thomson scattered electrons, born in situ and ejected by the ponderomotive potential of the laser. Correlating the ejected electron with Doppler-shifted radiation is enabling a model of the Thomson scattering to be created. The project will include direct engagement with high-power laser facilities worldwide, including the Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) facilities in Czech Republic and Romania.\r\n\r\nThis award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK","awardeeAddress":"3112 LEE BUILDING","awardeeCity":"COLLEGE PARK","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"04","awardeeDistrictCode":"MD04","awardeeName":"University of Maryland, College Park","awardeePhone":"3014056269","awardeeStateCode":"MD","awardeeZipCode":"207425100","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"07/28/2020","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"651518","expDate":"07/31/2024","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"AMO Experiment/Atomic, Molecul, PLASMA PHYSICS","fundsObligated":["FY 2020 = $445,181.00","FY 2022 = $206,337.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"651518","histAwd":"false","id":"2010392","initAmendmentDate":"07/28/2020","jrnl":[{"artTitl":"Towards a direct measurement of the quantum-vacuum Lagrangian coupling coefficients using two counterpropagating super-intense laser pulses","auth":"Roso, Luis and Lera, Roberto and Ravichandran, Smrithan and Longman, Andrew and He, Calvin Z. and Pérez-Hernández, José Antonio and Apiñaniz, Jon I. and Smith, Lucas D. and Fedosejevs, Robert and Hill, III, Wendell T.","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac51a7","jrnlTitl":"New Journal of Physics","jrnlVol":"24","jrnlYr":"2022","parPblcId":"10363836"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"07/25/2022","managingPec":"124200","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"NPU8ULVAAS23","pdPIName":"Wendell T Hill","perfAddress":"3112 Lee Bldg, 7809 Regents Driv","perfCity":"College Park","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"04","perfDistrictCode":"MD04","perfLocation":"University of Maryland College Park","perfStateCode":"MD","perfZipCode":"207425103","pi":["Wendell T Hill wth@umd.edu"],"piEmail":"wth@umd.edu","piFirstName":"Wendell","piId":"000041514","piLastName":"Hill","piMiddeInitial":"T","poEmail":"vlukin@nsf.gov","poName":"Vyacheslav (Slava) Lukin","poPhone":"7032927382","primaryProgram":["01002021DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT","01002223DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"124100, 124200","program":"U.S.-CZECHOSLOVAKIA PROGRAM, BASIC PLASMA SCIENCE & ENGINEERING, PRECISION MEASUREMENTS, CANADA, ROMANIA, SPAIN, Optics and Photonics","progRefCode":"5930, 1062, 1289, 7561, 5917, 5952, 8990","projectOutComesReport":"
The PI and collaborators have been working on the physics of the quantum vacuum, what is often named the Casimir effect, for many years. \"Empty space,\" or, the vacuum, is not truly empty, but is filled with virtual particles which pop into and out of existence for short periods of time. These fluctuations are an intrinsic consequence of quantum mechanics, and are modified by thermal fluctuations. The macroscopic effect of the quantum vacuum, discovered by Casimir in 1948, says that due to these fluctuations there is a small attractive force between parallel uncharged metal plates. This has been conclusively demonstrated by many experiments in the past thirty years, which, indirectly, therefore validate the picture of the active vacuum.
\r\nThe traditional Casimir effect is a static force. The focus of the current project is to explore dynamical consequences of the quantum vacuum. Casimir, or quantum friction is one such example. For instance, an atom or nanoparticle passing above a metal or insulating plate, will experience a frictional force tending to retard the particle's motion. Even more remarkably, friction even occurs in vacuum far from any other body, a phenomenon predicted theoretically by Einstein and Hopf in 1910! We have carried out a systematic study of such effects, and their dependence on the properties of the particle and its temperature and that of the blackbody radiation surrounding it. These forces result from fluctuations both in the dipole moments of the atoms that make up the body and in the electromagnetic field which is ubiquitous.
\r\nThermal effects are indeed very subtle. We have shown in a series of papers that the Casimir entropy, which follows from the (free) Casimir energy, typically can turn negative, which implies a decrease in disorder. This seems to contradict basic thermodynamic principles--Entropy is usually required to increase, not decrease. The contradiction is removed when the much larger positive entropy of the surrounding blackbody radiation is included, but it is still a surprising discovery.
\r\nWe have also explored how the Casimir effect affects phase transitions, such as the melting of ice on surfaces. Ice layers on rocks could be stabilized by such quantum vacuum forces, which might be relevant to the geochemistry of planetary moons.
\r\nBut the primary thrust of our research over the past 5 years has been the exploration of spontaneous forces that act on bodies in vacuum when they are out of equilibrium with the background, that is, they are hotter or colder than the ambient blackbody radiation. Although such effects had been proposed earlier, we have carried out a systematic analysis based on treating the bodies as dilute, that is, the electrical properties of the material making up the bodies is not too different from that of the vacuum. In the first approximation, no net force can emerge, but only a torque, a twist, that will cause the body to spontaneously start to rotate, but only if the body is made up of what is called nonreciprocal material, meaning typically that some external magnetric field must be supplied. In a better approximation, now we find both forces and torques on ordinary bodies in vacuum with no external fields, but the bodes must be non uniform, having at least two parts with different electrical responses. We have proposed a number of scenarios where we think these small forces and torques could be observed. We believe that these forces will lead to observable motions in the laboratory, even including the effects of quantum friction and the tendency of the system to come to thermal equilibrium. We are currently going out to the third order of approximation, where forces and torques on uniform bodies should arise, as long as the system is out of thermal equilibrium. If these effects can be observed in the laboratary, we would like to speculate that they might be scaled up so as to provide self-propulsion of a macroscopic body, such as a spacecraft, provided a mechsnism to maintani the temperature inbalance can be supplied.
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![\"Particle](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2025/2008417/2008417_10680790_1763508830846_sym_fr_fig--rgov-66x44.jpg\")
\n\n\nAn atom or nanoparticle experiences Casimir fridtion when passing near a conducting or insulating plate.\nPhysics Letter A 545, 130475 (2025)\nCreative Commons\nKimball A Milton\n\n\nParticle moving above plate\n
![\"Particle](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2025/2008417/2008417_10680790_1763508830846_sym_fr_fig--rgov-214x142.jpg\")
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The advent of the era of petawatt (1015 W) and multi-petawatt laser pulses has opened the door to a host of important studies from revealing the subliminal structure of nature to creating new laser-based technologies to developing novel medical procedures. All of these are enabled, to some extent, by the extreme intensities achievable in the focus of these pulses. While the advancement in laser technology is truly remarkable, the development of instrumentation to characterize the intensity, which is necessary to guide and improve laser designs and to employ as experimental diagnostics, has not kept pace. This is largely due to the fact at extreme intensities, no gas or material can survive without being ionized or severely damaged. As a results, today there are no devices or even techniques available to measure these extreme intensities directly. This lack of measurement ability forces investigators to employ indirect approaches to estimate the intensity. Indirect approaches, however, are insensitive to pulse features that are known to degrade the intensity, as well as pulse-to-pulse fluctuations. This severely handicaps experimental programs requiring more than a ballpark estimate of the intensity. The primary objective of this project was to address that void.
\r\nTo that end, our investigation exploited the concomitant electron acceleration associated with the ionization of gases in the pulse focus. At extreme intensities, liberated electrons are accelerated to speeds approaching the speed of light in vacuum and to relativistic kinetic energies (i.e., energies equivalent to or higher than their rest-mass energy, mc2). At the same time, they scatter laser light via Thomson scattering to produce a radiation spectrum -- light color and angular distribution -- that is directly proportional to the energy gained, while being ejected from the laser focus at an angle (𝜃) relative to the propagation direction of the laser. Using the setup shown in Fig. 1, our investigation revealed three important measurable features about the electron dynamics in the focal volume: (i) the higher the intensity the larger the magnitude of the angular and color shift of the Thomson scattering, (ii) the higher the intensity the smaller the value of 𝜃 (that associated with the inner diameter of the rings in Figs. 1, 2(b) and 2(d)); and (iii) aberrations in the field produce distortions in the electron angular distribution.
\r\nOur investigation demonstrated that direct observation of Thomson scattering is most effective for intensities between 1018 and 1019 W/cm2. It becomes very challenging to monitor the radiation quantitatively beyond 1019 W/cm2 because various components overlap and are difficult to distinguish. Above 1019 W/cm2, however, direct measurement of the electrons is very straightforward both to follow the intensity and assess the quality of the focus. We have shown experimentally that the theoretical prediction that the ejection angle (specifically, tan 𝜃) is proportional to the inverse of the square root of the intensity over a wide range of intensities. In addition, we have shown experimentally that aberrations in the field responsible for distortions in the angular distribution (compared Figs. 2(b) and 2(d)), degrade the intensity by 20 to 30 %. Furthermore, we have been able to link the distortions to well-known aberrations such as astigmatism and coma. While such aberrations are discernable in low-power focal-spot images, there is no guarantee the aberrations will be the same at full power, hence the need for a full-power diagnostic tool.
\r\nThis experimental project has demonstrated that direct measurement of ejected electrons from the focus at extreme intensities is a promising approach upon which to develop a diagnostic tool for petawatt-class lasers. When fully developed, such a diagnostic could be deployed at several facilities in the country and around the world.
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\n Last Modified: 11/28/2024
\nModified by: Wendell T Hill
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\n","publicAccessMandate":"1","publicationResearch":["New Journal of Physics~2022~24~Roso, Luis and Lera, Roberto and Ravichandran, Smrithan and Longman, Andrew and He, Calvin Z. and Pérez-Hernández, José Antonio and Apiñaniz, Jon I. and Smith, Lucas D. and Fedosejevs, Robert and Hill, III, Wendell T.~https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac51a7~Towards a direct measurement of the quantum-vacuum Lagrangian coupling coefficients using two counterpropagating super-intense laser pulses~10338171~10363836~OSTI~2022-10-07 11:32:38.073"],"startDate":"08/01/2020","title":"Relativistic Thomson Scattering Investigations with in Situ Electrons in the Focus at the Petawatt Level","transType":"Continuing Grant","ueiNumber":"NPU8ULVAAS23"},{"abstractText":"This award provides support for a United States - Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) Joint Dialogue Meeting to gather international technical experts and government representatives from the United States and the European ELI project to explore opportunities for international collaboration in high-intensity ultrafast lasers and identify opportunities and challenges associated with establishing frontier capability high brightness facilities. The meeting will be held on September 25, 2019 at The Optical Society's headquarters in Washington, DC and is being organized by the US Department of State.\r\n\r\nThe goal of the one-day meeting is to provide new opportunities for collaboration in high brightness science and engineering by facilitating dialogue, establishing new personal connections, and sharing technical grand challenges. This meeting will also showcase the state of the art, identify future needs in the field of high-intensity lasers, and discuss challenges to laser technology and engineering. The discussed topics will include but will not be limited to high-density laser-plasma interactions, astrophysics, secondary sources, particle acceleration, quantum vacuum interactions and non-perturbative quantum electrodynamics, and attosecond science.\r\n\r\nThis award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED (THE)","awardeeAddress":"2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW","awardeeCity":"WASHINGTON","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"00","awardeeDistrictCode":"DC00","awardeeName":"Optical Society of America","awardeePhone":"2024166102","awardeeStateCode":"DC","awardeeZipCode":"200361012","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"08/16/2019","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"9490","expDate":"08/31/2020","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"PLASMA PHYSICS","fundsObligated":["FY 2019 = $9,490.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"9490","histAwd":"false","id":"1941570","initAmendmentDate":"08/16/2019","latestAmendmentDate":"08/16/2019","managingPec":"124200","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"","pdPIName":"Michael Duncan","perfAddress":"","perfCity":"","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"00","perfDistrictCode":"DC00","perfLocation":"Optical Society of America","perfStateCode":"DC","perfZipCode":"200361023","pi":["Michael Duncan mduncan@osa.org"],"piEmail":"mduncan@osa.org","piFirstName":"Michael","piId":"270014703","piLastName":"Duncan","poEmail":"vlukin@nsf.gov","poName":"Vyacheslav (Slava) Lukin","poPhone":"7032927382","primaryProgram":["01001920DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"124200","program":"BASIC PLASMA SCIENCE & ENGINEERING, CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS, Optics and Photonics","progRefCode":"1062, 7556, 8990","projectOutComesReport":"\n
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![\"Fig.](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2024/2010392/2010392_10690647_1732746442669_electrons--rgov-66x44.png\")
\n\nLow-power focal-spot images with (a) and without (c) aberrations and the corresponding electrons angular distributions with (b) and without (d) aberrations.\nWendell T. Hill, III\nCopyrighted\nWendell T Hill\n\nFig. 2: Focal-spot images and electron angular distributions.\n- \n
![\"Fig.](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2024/2010392/2010392_10690647_1732744863308_electrons1--rgov-66x44.png\")
\n\n\nThomson scattered laser radiation measured with Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs) mounted in the scintillation-detector holder on a rotation table; electrons angular distributions measured with MPPCs after conversion by scintillation plates or directly with image plates.\nWendell T. Hill, III\nCopyrighted\nWendell T Hill\n\n\nFig. 1: Experimental setup.\n - \n
![\"Fig.](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2024/2010392/2010392_10690647_1732746442669_electrons--rgov-214x142.png\")
![\"Fig.](\"/por/images/Reports/POR/2024/2010392/2010392_10690647_1732744863308_electrons1--rgov-214x142.png\")
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","publicAccessMandate":"1","startDate":"09/01/2019","title":"United States-Extreme Light Infrastructure Joint Dialogue Meeting","transType":"Standard Grant","ueiNumber":"EL7WF1KJ1BL8"},{"abstractText":"Many of the deepest problems in theoretical physics revolve around combining Einstein's theory of general relativity with quantum theory. The resulting theory is called \"quantum gravity\" and is needed to better understand the origin of the universe, the nature of space and time on small scales, and what happens inside black holes. The research supported by this award will use the latest techniques and tools to try to study quantum fluctuations and their effects, especially rare but large spontaneous fluctuations of energy density. These are subtle effects which are not well understood. The results of this research may have applications to other areas of science and possibly to technology. The large fluctuations to be studied may play a role in nonlinear optics and quantum tunneling, two areas which have broad applications. The project will also have educational benefits. Students will participate in the research and gain valuable experience from doing so. The project should also produce examples which can be used to explain some of the concepts of quantum theory and relativity to students on a variety of educational levels.\r\n\r\nThe project will investigate the probability distributions for quantum stress tensor fluctuations and their applications to gravity theory and other areas of physics. Particular attention will be paid to the asymptotic form of the distribution which governs the probability for large fluctuations. One approach to be used is the calculation of the large moments of the distribution. Preliminary studies indicate that this asymptotic form falls rather slowly compared to that for a thermal distribution. This indicates that quantum vacuum effects could dominate over thermal effects for large fluctuations, and suggests that new physical effects might be discovered in this line of research. Several models will be examined to look for such effects. One will be the effects of radiation pressure fluctuations on quantum tunneling of electrons and other particles. Another model will examine the effects of electric field fluctuations on the propagation of light in a nonlinear material. This study is of interest both for optical physics, and as an analog model for the quantum lightcone fluctuations expected in a quantum theory of gravity. The project will also examine the role of quantum stress tensor fluctuations in the early universe, especially in inflationary models.","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"TRUSTEES OF TUFTS COLLEGE","awardeeAddress":"80 GEORGE ST","awardeeCity":"MEDFORD","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"05","awardeeDistrictCode":"MA05","awardeeName":"Tufts University","awardeePhone":"6176273696","awardeeStateCode":"MA","awardeeZipCode":"021555519","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"06/15/2015","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"50000","expDate":"07/31/2016","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"Gravity Theory","fundsObligated":["FY 2015 = $50,000.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"50000","histAwd":"false","id":"1506066","initAmendmentDate":"06/15/2015","jrnl":[{"artPageNum":"064067","artTitl":"A Model for Lightcone Fluctuations due to Stress Tensor Fluctuations","auth":"C.H.G. Bessa, V.A. De Lorenci, L.H. Ford, C.C.H. Ribeiro","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevD.93.064067","jrnlTitl":"Pays. Rev. D","jrnlVol":"93","jrnlYr":"2016"},{"artPageNum":"105008","artTitl":"Probability Distributions for Quantum Stress Tensors Measured in a Finite Time Interval","auth":"Christopher J. Fewster, L. H. Ford","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevD.92.105008","jrnlTitl":"Phy. Rev. D","jrnlVol":"92","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"084030","artTitl":"Graviton Creation by Small Scale Factor Oscillations in an Expanding Universe","auth":"Enrico D. Schiappacasse, L. H. Ford","dgtlObjId":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.94.084030","jrnlTitl":"Phys. Rev. D","jrnlVol":"94","jrnlYr":"2016"},{"artPageNum":"151301","artTitl":"Quantum Gravitational Force Between Polarizable Objects","auth":"L. H. Ford, Mark P. Hertzberg, J. Karouby","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151301","jrnlTitl":"Phys. Rev. Lett.","jrnlVol":"116","jrnlYr":"2016"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"06/15/2015","managingPec":"124400","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"WL9FLBRVPJJ7","pdPIName":"Lawrence H Ford","perfAddress":"","perfCity":"","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"07","perfDistrictCode":"MA07","perfLocation":"Tufts University","perfStateCode":"MA","perfZipCode":"021555807","pi":["Lawrence H Ford ford@cosmos.phy.tufts.edu"],"piEmail":"ford@cosmos.phy.tufts.edu","piFirstName":"Lawrence","piId":"000110613","piLastName":"Ford","piMiddeInitial":"H","poEmail":"pmarrone@nsf.gov","poName":"Pedro Marronetti","poPhone":"7032927372","primaryProgram":["01001516DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"124400","program":"PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE","progRefCode":"7483","projectOutComesReport":"United States-Extreme Light Infrastructure Joint Dialogue Meeting Project Outcomes Report
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The United States-Extreme Light Infrastructure Joint Dialogue Meeting gathered international technical experts and government representatives from the United States and European Extreme Light Infrastructure project to explore opportunities for international collaboration in high-intensity ultrafast (high brightness) lasers and identify opportunities and challenges associated with establishing frontier capability high brightness facilities. The meeting was held on 25 September 2019 at The Optical Society’s headquarters in Washington, DC.
\nThe meeting provided new opportunities for collaboration in high brightness science and engineering by facilitating dialogue, establishing new personal connections, and sharing technical grand challenges. This meeting also showcased the state of the art, identified future needs in the field of high-intensity lasers, and discussed challenges to laser technology and engineering. The discussed topics included high-density laser-plasma interactions, astrophysics, secondary sources, particle acceleration, quantum vacuum interactions and non-perturbative quantum electrodynamics, and attosecond science.
\nThis area of research is rich with educational opportunities across a diverse list of scientific research areas: high-energy-density physics, plasma physics, astrophysics, chemistry, materials science and engineering, particle physics, quantum physics. The subject likewise impacts progress and therefore training of the next generation of talent in advanced manufacturing techniques, stockpile stewardship, defense, and medicine.
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\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 05/19/2021
\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Michael Duncan
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","publicAccessMandate":"0","publicationResearch":["Pays. Rev. D~2016~93~C.H.G. Bessa, V.A. De Lorenci, L.H. Ford, C.C.H. Ribeiro~10.1103/PhysRevD.93.064067~064067~A Model for Lightcone Fluctuations due to Stress Tensor Fluctuations~2016-10-21 17:42:54.546","Phy. Rev. D~2015~92~Christopher J. Fewster, L. H. Ford~10.1103/PhysRevD.92.105008~105008~Probability Distributions for Quantum Stress Tensors Measured in a Finite Time Interval~2016-10-21 17:42:54.566","Phys. Rev. D~2016~94~Enrico D. Schiappacasse, L. H. Ford~https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.94.084030~084030~Graviton Creation by Small Scale Factor Oscillations in an Expanding Universe~2016-10-21 17:42:54.57","Phys. Rev. Lett.~2016~116~L. H. Ford, Mark P. Hertzberg, J. Karouby~10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151301~151301~Quantum Gravitational Force Between Polarizable Objects~2016-10-21 17:42:54.576"],"startDate":"08/01/2015","title":"Research on Gravity and Quantum Fluctuation Effects","transType":"Standard Grant","ueiNumber":"WL9FLBRVPJJ7"},{"abstractText":"The spectroscopic measurement of transition frequencies in simple atomic systems has significantly contributed to the progress of physics within the last 100 years. The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom was developed on the basis of the quantum-classical correspondence of planetary orbits under the influence of the central electrostatic potential generated by the positively charged proton, with the additional ingredient of the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition. The theory has been refined over decades, with additional input from relativistic physics and quantum field theory. By analyzing the spectrum ever more carefully, one has been able to deduce from the experiments a few subtle properties of the atoms, such as the charge radius of the massive central particle, i.e., the proton. Recently, an experiment has been performed which questions the understanding of the field-theoretical modifications of the Coulomb force law at short distances: The so-called muonic hydrogen experiment at the Paul-Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, has been obtaining results for transitions in the bound system of muon and proton, which are in disagreement with other experiments and theoretical calculations performed by the physics community over at least two decades. Within the NSF program, some of the last conceivable explanations for the ensuing proton radius puzzle will be studied from the theoretical side, with the aim of either excluding these explanations, or finding confirmation for necessary modifications of our understanding of the nuclear charge distribution within the proton.\r\n\r\nBased on the PI's somewhat broad knowledge in field theory, the concepts and ideas originally developed in the analysis of bound-state corrections will be applied to so-called dynamical processes and atom-surface interactions. When an atom is in contact with a dielectric surface, the vacuum modes of the electric field are perturbed in the immediate vicinity of the surface. The quantum fluctuations (the unavoidable 'quiver' due to the Heisenberg uncertainty relation) of the vacuum modes (the 'preferred natural oscillation modes' of the electric field in the vicinity of the metallic surface) change the interaction potential of the atom near the surface, and the 'dragging' of the mirror charge inside the dielectric material induces a friction force. This happens even if the atom is not in physical contact with the surface, and the overlap of the quantum mechanical wave function of the atom with the surface is negligible. These effects are due to be studied within the NSF research program, and compared to the results of ongoing experiments in various laboratories in the world. Finally, all of these effects will be studied for few-electron atoms, for which the energy eigenvalues of the basic quantum mechanical time evolution operator (the 'Hamiltonian' which defines the energy levels) cannot be calculated in analytic form. Ideas to improve approximation methods based on novel basis sets ('quantum mechanical trial wave functions') will be explored. \r\n\r\nAll of the research endeavors sketched above are suited for the education of graduate students. Indeed, both the gain in the knowledge on basic, but also applied physics as well the education in the use of advanced numerical methods contributes to the success of a number of graduate students supervised in the past (and, one may envisage, present and future). This includes the numerical methods used in the study of bound systems as well as other, more mathematically inclined concepts, based on the vacuum fluctuations of the quantum fields, which often find surprising, practically useful applications.\r\n\r\nThere are three major areas of work in this project. The first problem is the puzzle of the muonic hydrogen and proton radius. The muonic hydrogen puzzle continues to intrigue physicists and represents one of the most pressing questions to answer in regard to our understanding of fundamental forces. Namely, measurements in muonic hydrogen have led to a value of the proton charge radius which is in disagreement with both scattering experiments as well as laser-spectroscopic measurements in atomic hydrogen. This project involves the recalculation of one of the last possible theoretical explanations for the disagreement which has not yet been fully covered in the literature. The second problem involves higher order corrections in many-body systems. Beyond the two-body problem, it is impossible to analytically solve bound-state systems even in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Three aspects of higher-order corrections in helium-like systems which are of prime importance for the description of experiments will be studied. These include so-called relativistic Bethe logarithms in helium, as well as higher-order effects in the bound 'muonic helium' system. The calculations will be important in confronting the muonic hydrogen puzzle with other muonic bound systems, and, potentially, in determining the electron-muon mass ratio. Finally, Casimir effects, dynamic processes and atom-wall interactions will be studied. The atom-wall interaction is a vacuum-mediated interaction between an atom flying by a solid material ('wall') and depends on the functional form of the dielectric response function of the medium. The project includes an investigation, conceivably in collaboration with experimentalists, of the temperature dependence of the atom-wall interaction, which may have already been seen in an experiment, as well as details of the atom-wall interaction potential for the helium-alpha-quartz and helium-gold systems. Theoretical progress on the understanding of the quantum friction force, due to the dragging of the mirror charge inside the wall, also forms part of the current ject.\r\n \r\nThe cross-disciplinary proposal combines atomic theory and quantum-field theory in the low-energy domain to address fundamentally important questions and pressing current experimental-theoretical discrepancies. Advanced numerical methods and the education of graduate students and the development of postdoctoral research associates are cornerstones of the investigations. Potential applications of some of the developed numerical methods, beyond those devised for atomic-physics calculations, are currently being envisaged.","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI SYSTEM","awardeeAddress":"300 W. 12TH STREET","awardeeCity":"ROLLA","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"08","awardeeDistrictCode":"MO08","awardeeName":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","awardeePhone":"5733414134","awardeeStateCode":"MO","awardeeZipCode":"654091330","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"05/03/2014","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"225000","expDate":"01/31/2018","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"AMO Theory/Atomic, Molecular &","fundsObligated":["FY 2014 = $75,000.00","FY 2015 = $75,000.00","FY 2016 = $75,000.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"225000","histAwd":"false","id":"1403973","initAmendmentDate":"05/03/2014","jrnl":[{"artPageNum":"042506","artTitl":"Long?Range Tails in van der Waals Interactions of Excited?State and Ground?State Atoms","auth":"U. 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B","jrnlVol":"123","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"022117","artTitl":"Non?Resonant Two?Photon Transitions in Length and Velocity Gauges","auth":"U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.94.022117","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"94","jrnlYr":"2016"},{"artPageNum":"118","artTitl":"Functional form of the imaginary part of the atomic polarizability","auth":"U. D. Jentschura and K. Pachucki","dgtlObjId":"10.1140/epjd/e2015-50810-8","jrnlTitl":"Eur.Phys.J.D","jrnlVol":"69","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"043001","artTitl":"One-Loop Dominance in the Imaginary Part of the Polarizability: Applicationto Blackbody and Noncontact van der Waals Friction","auth":"U. D. Jentschura, G. ?ach, M. De Kieviet, and K. Pachucki","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.043001","jrnlTitl":"Phys.Rev.Lett.","jrnlVol":"114","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"13","artTitl":"Adjacency Graphs and Long-Range Interac- tions of Atoms in Quasi-Degenerate States: Applied Graph Theory","auth":"C. M. Adhikari, V. Debierre, U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1007/s00340-016-6587-5","jrnlTitl":"Applied Physics B","jrnlVol":"123","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"032702","artTitl":"Long-range interactions of hydrogen atoms in excited states. III. nS?1S interactions for n >= 3","auth":"C. M. Adhikari, V. Debierre and U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.96.032702","jrnlTitl":"Phys. Rev. A","jrnlVol":"96","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"156","artTitl":"Enzyme?Supported Immunotherapy: Case Study and Possible Generalizations","auth":"U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.4236/jct.2018.92016","jrnlTitl":"Journal of Cancer Therapy","jrnlVol":"9","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"304","artTitl":"Diagonalization of Complex Symmetric Matrices: Generalized Householder Reflections, Iterative Deflation and Implicit Shifts","auth":"J. H. Noble, M. Lubasch, J. Stevens and U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1016/j.cpc.2017.06.014","jrnlTitl":"Comput.Phys.Commun.","jrnlVol":"221","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"022112","artTitl":"Fine-structure constant for gravitational and scalar interactions","auth":"U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.90.022112","jrnlTitl":"Phys.Rev.A","jrnlVol":"90","jrnlYr":"2014"},{"artPageNum":"022704","artTitl":"Long-range interactions of excited hydrogen atoms. II. Hyperfine-resolved 2S?2S system","auth":"U. D. Jentschura, V. Debierre, C. M. Adhikari, A. Matveev, and N. Kolachevsky","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.95.022704","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"95","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"022510","artTitl":"Theory of Non?Contact Friction for Atom? Surface Interactions","auth":"U. D. Jentschura, M. Janke and M. DeKieviet","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.94.022510","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"94","jrnlYr":"2016"},{"artPageNum":"032108","artTitl":"Dirac Hamiltonian and Reissner-Nordstro ?m metric: Coulomb interaction in curved space-time","auth":"J. H. Noble and U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.93.032108","jrnlTitl":"Phys.Rev.A","jrnlVol":"93","jrnlYr":"2016"},{"artPageNum":"1550002","artTitl":"Dirac equations with confining potentials","auth":"J. H. Noble and U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1142/S0217751X15500025","jrnlTitl":"Int.J.Mod.Phys.A","jrnlVol":"30","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"012123","artTitl":"Muonic bound systems, virtual particles, and proton radius","auth":"U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.92.012123","jrnlTitl":"Phys.Rev.A","jrnlVol":"92","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"010502(R)","artTitl":"Long-range atom-wall interactions and mixing terms: Metastable hydrogen","auth":"U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.91.010502","jrnlTitl":"Phys.Rev.A","jrnlVol":"91","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"012101","artTitl":"Ultrarelativistic decoupling transformation for generalized Dirac equations","auth":"J. H. Noble and U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.92.012101","jrnlTitl":"Phys.Rev.A","jrnlVol":"92","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"032510","artTitl":"Magic Wavelength for the hydrogen 1S?2S transition: Contribution of the continuum and the reduced-mass correction","auth":"C. M. Adhikari, A. Kawasaki and U. D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032510","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"94","jrnlYr":"2016"},{"artPageNum":"015026","artTitl":"Green Function of the Poisson Equation: D = 2, 3, 4","auth":"U. D. Jentschura and J. Sapirstein","dgtlObjId":"10.1088/2399-6528/aaa3bd","jrnlTitl":"J. Phys. Commun.","jrnlVol":"2","jrnlYr":"2018"},{"artPageNum":"042506","artTitl":"Long?Range Tails in van der Waals Interactions of Excited?State and Ground?State Atoms","auth":"U. D. Jentschura and V. Debierre","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.95.042506","jrnlTitl":"Phys. Rev. A","jrnlVol":"95","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"105201","artTitl":"Calculation of the Decay Rate of Tachyonic Neutrinos against Charged?Lepton-Pair and Neutrino?Pair Cerenkov Radiation","auth":"U. D. Jentschura, I. Nandori and R. Ehrlich","dgtlObjId":"10.1088/1361-6471/aa84da","jrnlTitl":"J. Phys. G","jrnlVol":"44","jrnlYr":"2017"},{"artPageNum":"A47","artTitl":"From Dirac theories in curved space-times to a variation ofDirac?s large?number hypothesis","auth":"U.D. Jentschura","dgtlObjId":"10.1002/andp.201400808","jrnlTitl":"Ann.Phys.(Berlin)","jrnlVol":"526","jrnlYr":"2014"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"05/13/2016","managingPec":"128400","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"","pdPIName":"Ulrich D Jentschura","perfAddress":"1315 North Pine Street","perfCity":"Rolla","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"08","perfDistrictCode":"MO08","perfLocation":"Missouri S&T University / Physics","perfStateCode":"MO","perfZipCode":"654096506","pi":["Ulrich D Jentschura ulj@mst.edu"],"piEmail":"ulj@mst.edu","piFirstName":"Ulrich","piId":"269819159","piLastName":"Jentschura","piMiddeInitial":"D","poEmail":"mcavagne@nsf.gov","poName":"Mike Cavagnero","poPhone":"7032927927","primaryProgram":["01001415DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT","01001617DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT","01001516DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"128400","program":"","progRefCode":"","projectOutComesReport":"This project dealt with several issues relating both to gravitation and quantum theory. One of the key features of quantum theory is the phenomenon of quantum fluctuations, which are a consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. This implies that the energy density and pressure of a quantum field, such as the electromagnetic field, are subject to vacuum flucutations. These are local fluctuations which arise in empty space, even when no actual particles are present. A second key feature of quantum theory is the role of measurement: reality is defined by what can in principle be measured. This project explored a problem which combines both of hese deep concepts: the probabiltiy distribution for vacuum energy density and pressure fluctuations of a quantum field. Energy density and pressure of a quantum field are only meaningful if they have been averaged over a finite region of space and time. This averaging describes the effect of a measurement, and a realistic measurement needs to have a temporal beginning and end. One of the results of this project is that the probability for large fluctuations of energy density or pressure measured in a finite time interval is much larger than previously expected. Rather than following a normal distribution, which applies to random fluctuations, these fluctuations obey a distribution which falls much more slowly. This arises because quantum field fluctuations are not truely random, but have significant correlations with one another.
\nThis result has several important consequences. One is that quantum fluctuations of the gravitational field driven by matter energy density fluctuations can be larger than expected. This has implications for any quantum theory of gravity. Another consequence is that there may be observable effects of these vacuum fluctuations which could be measured in the laboratory. One such effect occurs if vacuum radiation pressure flucuations push a quantum particle over a barrier faster than it could penetrate the barrier by quantum tunneling. An exploration of this possibility was begun during this project and is ongoing.
\n\n
Another aspect of the project involved a study of quantum fluctuations of the speed of light. A fixed value for the speed of light in vacuum is a central feature of classical physics. However, in a quantum theory of gravity, fluctuations of spacetime geometry and hence of the speed of light are expected. As part of the project, analog models of this effect were studied, in which vacuum electric field fluctuations in a nonlinear optical material induce light speed fluctuations. These models help to understand a subtle quantum gravity effect, and are of interest in their own right. If it proves possible to observe this effect in the laboratory, it would be significant contribution ot nonlinear optics.
\n\n
The quantum gravity analog of the van der Waals force between atoms was also investigated. It was found that quantum fluctuations of gravity can induce an attractive force between two objects, which is analogous to the van der Waals force between a pair of atoms produced by vacuum electromagnaetic field fluctuations. This helps to clarify another subtle quantum gravity effect.
\n\n
This project had broader impacts through the participation of students. Two graduate students benefited from involvement in the research. The PI gave several talks related to the project aimed at students, both undergraduate and graduate. The results of the project are expected to have educational value for students at diffrent levels, and can be used as explicit illustrations of deep concepts. Finally, some of the results of the project, such as those on the probabilty of large fluctuations and on nonlinear optics, may have application to other fields of research as well as education.
\n
\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 10/22/2016
\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Lawrence H Ford
\n
\n\n\n
","publicAccessMandate":"0","publicationResearch":["Physical Review A~2017~95~U. D. Jentschura and V. Debierre~10.1103/PhysRevA.95.042506~042506~Long?Range Tails in van der Waals Interactions of Excited?State and Ground?State Atoms~2017-07-21 15:13:58.86","Physical Review A~2017~95~C. M. Adhikari, V. Debierre, A. Matveev, N. Kolachevsky and U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.95.022703~022703~ong- range interactions of hydrogen atoms in excited states. I. 2S?1S interactions and Dirac?? perturbations~2017-07-21 15:13:58.823","Adv. High Energy Phys.~2017~2017~U. D. Jentschura and I. Nandori~10.1155/2017/9850312~9850312~Neutrino Pair Cerenkov Radiation for Tachyonic Neutrinos~2018-04-02 01:36:46.943","Phys.Rev.A~2015~91~U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.91.022112~022112~Gravitational correction to vacuum polarization~","Physical Review Letters~2017~118~U. D. Jentschura, C. M. Adhikari, and V. Debierre~10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.123001~123001~Virtual Resonant Emission and Oscil- latory Long?Range Tails in van der Waals Interactions of Excited States: QED Treatment and Applications~2017-07-21 15:13:58.866","Eur.Phys.J.H~2014~39~U.D. Jentschura and I. Nandori~10.1140/epjh/e2014-50044-7~531~Attempts at a determinationof the fine-structure constant from firstprinciples: a brief historical overview~","Eur.Phys.J.D~2015~69~U. D. Jentschura and G. Lach~10.1140/epjd/e2015-50811-7~119~Non-contact friction for ion-surface interactions~2016-04-28 11:51:24.406","Phys. Rev. A~2017~95~U. D. Jentschura, V. Debierre, C. M. Adhikari, A. Matveev, and N. Kolachevsky~10.1103/PhysRevA.95.022704~022704~Long-range interactions of excited hydrogen atoms. II. Hyperfine-resolved 2S?2S system~2018-04-02 01:36:46.933","Phys. Rev. A~2017~95~C. M. Adhikari, V. Debierre, A. Matveev, N. Kolachevsky and U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.95.022703~022703~Long- range interactions of hydrogen atoms in excited states. I. 2S?1S interactions and Dirac?delta perturbations~2018-04-02 01:36:46.926","Appl. Phys. B~2017~123~C. M. Adhikari, V. Debierre, U. D. Jentschura~10.1007/s00340-016-6587-5~13~Adjacency Graphs and Long-Range Interactions of Atoms in Quasi-Degenerate States: Applied Graph Theory~2018-04-02 01:36:46.923","Physical Review A~2016~94~U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.94.022117~022117~Non?Resonant Two?Photon Transitions in Length and Velocity Gauges~2017-07-21 15:13:58.85","Eur.Phys.J.D~2015~69~U. D. Jentschura and K. Pachucki~10.1140/epjd/e2015-50810-8~118~Functional form of the imaginary part of the atomic polarizability~2016-04-28 11:51:24.343","Phys.Rev.Lett.~2015~114~U. D. Jentschura, G. ?ach, M. De Kieviet, and K. Pachucki~10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.043001~043001~One-Loop Dominance in the Imaginary Part of the Polarizability: Applicationto Blackbody and Noncontact van der Waals Friction~","Applied Physics B~2017~123~C. M. Adhikari, V. Debierre, U. D. Jentschura~10.1007/s00340-016-6587-5~13~Adjacency Graphs and Long-Range Interac- tions of Atoms in Quasi-Degenerate States: Applied Graph Theory~2017-07-21 15:13:58.84","Phys. Rev. A~2017~96~C. M. Adhikari, V. Debierre and U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.96.032702~032702~Long-range interactions of hydrogen atoms in excited states. III. nS?1S interactions for n >= 3~2018-04-02 01:36:46.936","Journal of Cancer Therapy~2017~9~U. D. Jentschura~10.4236/jct.2018.92016~156~Enzyme?Supported Immunotherapy: Case Study and Possible Generalizations~2018-04-02 01:36:46.95","Comput.Phys.Commun.~2017~221~J. H. Noble, M. Lubasch, J. Stevens and U. D. Jentschura~10.1016/j.cpc.2017.06.014~304~Diagonalization of Complex Symmetric Matrices: Generalized Householder Reflections, Iterative Deflation and Implicit Shifts~2018-04-02 01:36:46.906","Phys.Rev.A~2014~90~U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.90.022112~022112~Fine-structure constant for gravitational and scalar interactions~","Physical Review A~2017~95~U. D. Jentschura, V. Debierre, C. M. Adhikari, A. Matveev, and N. Kolachevsky~10.1103/PhysRevA.95.022704~022704~Long-range interactions of excited hydrogen atoms. II. Hyperfine-resolved 2S?2S system~2017-07-21 15:13:58.883","Physical Review A~2016~94~U. D. Jentschura, M. Janke and M. DeKieviet~10.1103/PhysRevA.94.022510~022510~Theory of Non?Contact Friction for Atom? Surface Interactions~2017-07-21 15:13:58.876","Phys.Rev.A~2016~93~J. H. Noble and U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.93.032108~032108~Dirac Hamiltonian and Reissner-Nordstro ?m metric: Coulomb interaction in curved space-time~2016-04-28 11:51:24.43","Int.J.Mod.Phys.A~2015~30~J. H. Noble and U. D. Jentschura~10.1142/S0217751X15500025~1550002~Dirac equations with confining potentials~","Phys.Rev.A~2015~92~U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.92.012123~012123~Muonic bound systems, virtual particles, and proton radius~2016-04-28 11:51:24.426","Phys.Rev.A~2015~91~U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.91.010502~010502(R)~Long-range atom-wall interactions and mixing terms: Metastable hydrogen~","Phys.Rev.A~2015~92~J. H. Noble and U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.92.012101~012101~Ultrarelativistic decoupling transformation for generalized Dirac equations~2016-04-28 11:51:24.416","Physical Review A~2016~94~C. M. Adhikari, A. Kawasaki and U. D. Jentschura~10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032510~032510~Magic Wavelength for the hydrogen 1S?2S transition: Contribution of the continuum and the reduced-mass correction~2017-07-21 15:13:58.81","J. Phys. Commun.~2018~2~U. D. Jentschura and J. Sapirstein~10.1088/2399-6528/aaa3bd~015026~Green Function of the Poisson Equation: D = 2, 3, 4~2018-04-02 01:36:46.946","Phys. Rev. A~2017~95~U. D. Jentschura and V. Debierre~10.1103/PhysRevA.95.042506~042506~Long?Range Tails in van der Waals Interactions of Excited?State and Ground?State Atoms~2018-04-02 01:36:46.933","J. Phys. G~2017~44~U. D. Jentschura, I. Nandori and R. Ehrlich~10.1088/1361-6471/aa84da~105201~Calculation of the Decay Rate of Tachyonic Neutrinos against Charged?Lepton-Pair and Neutrino?Pair Cerenkov Radiation~2018-04-02 01:36:46.94","Ann.Phys.(Berlin)~2014~526~U.D. Jentschura~10.1002/andp.201400808~A47~From Dirac theories in curved space-times to a variation ofDirac?s large?number hypothesis~"],"startDate":"07/01/2014","title":"Quantum Vacuum and Atoms: Exploring QED and Atom-Surface Interactions with the Help of Advanced Numerical Methods","transType":"Continuing Grant","ueiNumber":"Y6MGH342N169"},{"abstractText":"The research program focuses on precision measurements of quantum-vacuum induced interactions known as the Casimir force using a high-sensitivity torsion balance. Significant emphasis will be placed on accurate quantifications of surface electric effects, thus improving experimental sensitivity to distinguish a specific model to be employed in theoretical calculation of the Casimir force. The research will address a key problem in modern precision measurements in which the presence of surface-induced interactions at metallic interfaces has become one of the biggest sources of systematic errors, as noticed in the trapping and manipulation of single-atom for quantum computing, and in precise gravitational experiments such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO). As a historically important scientific tool that has helped verify two of the fundamental forces in nature (i.e. gravitational and Coulomb forces), the torsion balance provides an excellent table-top research platform to investigate the quantum vacuum induced small forces at a predominantly undergraduate institution.\r\n \r\nIntrinsic to the project is the integration of the undergraduate education with cutting-edge research. The research program will provide on-campus research opportunities for undergraduate students, enhancing an existing research program in the area of precision force measurements at Seattle University. The students will receive training in research methods for defining and addressing open-ended problems, professional ethics and conduct, and scientific reporting and communications by engaging in leading-edge research projects. The research program will expand faculty-led research opportunities for students of diverse backgrounds and is designed to lay the foundation for a long-term integrated scientific and education program in the physics department at Seattle University.","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"SEATTLE UNIVERSITY","awardeeAddress":"901 12TH AVE","awardeeCity":"SEATTLE","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"07","awardeeDistrictCode":"WA07","awardeeName":"Seattle University","awardeePhone":"2062966161","awardeeStateCode":"WA","awardeeZipCode":"981224411","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"07/31/2013","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"90000","expDate":"07/31/2016","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"PRECISION MEASUREMENTS","fundsObligated":["FY 2013 = $90,000.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"90000","histAwd":"false","id":"1307150","initAmendmentDate":"07/31/2013","jrnl":[{"artPageNum":"2239","artTitl":"Effect of surface contact potential in atomic-size contacts","auth":"C. Rackson, A. Watt, and W. J. Kim","dgtlObjId":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2015.07.005","jrnlTitl":"Physics Letters A","jrnlVol":"379","jrnlYr":"2015"},{"artPageNum":"104","artTitl":"Scanning capacitance microscopy using a relaxation oscillator","auth":"M. Pahlmeyer, A. Hankins, W. Tuppan, and W. J. Kim","dgtlObjId":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4899045","jrnlTitl":"American Journal of Physics","jrnlVol":"83","jrnlYr":"2015"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"07/31/2013","managingPec":"128900","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"LCYLGVGSEQE3","pdPIName":"Woo-Joong Kim","perfAddress":"901 12th Avenue","perfCity":"Seattle","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"07","perfDistrictCode":"WA07","perfLocation":"Seattle University","perfStateCode":"WA","perfZipCode":"981221090","pi":["Woo-Joong Kim kimw@seattleu.edu"],"piEmail":"kimw@seattleu.edu","piFirstName":"Woo-Joong","piId":"269843078","piLastName":"Kim","poEmail":"acronin@nsf.gov","poName":"Alexander Cronin","poPhone":"7032925302","primaryProgram":["01001314DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"128900","program":"UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION, RES IN UNDERGRAD INST-RESEARCH","progRefCode":"9178, 9229","projectOutComesReport":"There are numerous significant findings in quantum electrodynamics, atomic physics and general relativity to communicate in this final outcomes report (even, eventually, with a twist toward a cross-disciplinary effort in cancer therapy). One example concerns the so-called gravitationally coupled Dirac equation, which describes the motion of relativistic particles in a curved space-time. We had previously shown that the inertial mass of a Dirac particles, which enters the Dirac equation and is the same for particles and anti-particles, also enters the gravitational potential derived from the gravitational coupling. Thus, we had established the Einstein equivalence principle for anti-particles. In several new works on this subject area, we generalize these findings and show that while this is true for gravitational coupling, the interactions with electric fields still obey the usual charge conjugation symmetry for particles and corresponding anti-particles, in a so-called Reissner-Nordstrom metric. We also show that hypothetical faster-than-light particles (and corresponding anti-particles) which respect the Lorentz symmetry (and those, remain compatible with Einstein's theory) are still attracted (!) by gravitational fields in the high-energy limit, much as light rays are bent toward gravitational centers. Also, we could identify the leading gravitational correction to vacuum polarization in strong gravitational fields, and show, contrary to a recent (and false) prediction made by other scientists, that the Einstein equivalence principle (the local speed of light) is not modified by a quantum electrodynamic effect. On a different footing, we could analyze the so-called blackbody friction effect which occurs when an atom travels through outer space and is in contact with a bath of photons: It absorbs blue-shifted photons from the front and emits then, red-shifted, in all directions, leading to an effective energy loss of the atoms. We could show that so-called nonresonant processes, described by what physicists call the imaginary (absorptive) part of the atomic polarizability, lead to an order-of-magnitude increase of this effect as compared to previous theoretical predictions. We were also able to establish theoretical predictions for so-called non-contact friction of an atom flying by a dilectric surface of a material such as CaF2: Here, the atom induces a mirror charge inside the material, and its Ohmic heating due to the resistance of the sample leads to an energy loss of the atom flying by, even if there is no direct contact of atom and material. Finally, in a third area covered by the grant, we were able to solve a long-standing problem connected with the long-range interaction of atoms: namely, the calculation of oscillatory tails which were long claimed to exist for the interactions involving so-called excited-state atoms, where the electrons have been excited by shining laser light on them. We were able to show, using a theoretical approach inspired by quantum field theory and applied to atomic physics, that the alternating repulsive-attractive, oscillatory tails really exist, and quantify them for a number of important example cases. Numerical data were presented in various publications. These data are important for the analysis of systematic effects in high-precision experiments, which are crucial for the determination of so-called fundamental physical constants. Almost on the sidelines, we should mention the completion of an advanced textbook on advanced classical electrodynamics, which introduces a few modern mathematical techniques, and a cross-disciplinary effort which led to a publication on cancer therapy. The latter publication argues that a combination therapy composed of immune boosters, enzymatic cell lysis, and natural interferones could help in the treatment of early-stage carcinomas. It resulted from the application of a \"renaissance spirit\" to science and was applied with good results in a case study.
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\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 04/02/2018
\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Ulrich D Jentschura
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","publicAccessMandate":"0","publicationResearch":["Physics Letters A~2015~379~C. Rackson, A. Watt, and W. J. Kim~http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2015.07.005~2239~Effect of surface contact potential in atomic-size contacts~2016-08-09 14:16:13.476","American Journal of Physics~2015~83~M. Pahlmeyer, A. Hankins, W. Tuppan, and W. J. Kim~http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4899045~104~Scanning capacitance microscopy using a relaxation oscillator~"],"startDate":"08/01/2013","title":"RUI: Precision Casimir Force Measurements Using a High-Sensitivity Torsion Balance","transType":"Standard Grant","ueiNumber":"LCYLGVGSEQE3"},{"abstractText":"Vacuum (Casimir) energy in quantum field theory is of interest in the physics community and its connections with some mathematical topics in spectral theory and asymptotics of differential operators have recently become clearer. Thus this collaboration between physicists and mathematicians is an effective approach to further progress. The investigators intend to build on the results of their previous collaboration to make progress in two areas: (1) Gravitational significance of vacuum energy: The previous work has demonstrated that vacuum energy gravitates just as does any other form of energy. For plane geometries the divergences renormalize the masses of the material bodies confining the field. This analysis will be extended to general geometries. This requires the mathematical theory of the asymptotics of (Schwartz) distributions as well as sound physics. (2) Improved calculational methods: In the presence of curved surfaces, higher-order corrections are hard to calculate in classical-path analyses of vacuum energy and eigenvalue distribution. In the presence of sharp edges or corners (other than right angles) the semiclassical methods break down quite seriously (diffraction). The project will develop and apply more fundamental and accurate analyses, known as multiple reflection or multiple scattering. Previous success in treating the forces between dielectric bodies by multiple scattering will be extended and applications to practical configurations such as noncontact gears and multilayer surfaces are being pursued. Also, the multiple-reflection expansion will be used for accurate calculation of vacuum energy density and pressure near curved surfaces and edges and corners.\r\n\r\nThe broader impact of the project stems partly from its interdisciplinary nature. The subject not only combines physics and mathematics, but also combines topics within physics and within mathematics that are ripe for productive interaction. Vacuum energy is relevant both to new nanotechnological devices and to cosmological issues (dark energy). Mathematically, the connection between periodic-orbit theory and vacuum energy has only recently been exploited, and the implications of vacuum energy for spectral theory have barely been explored. Undergraduate and graduate student research assistants from both physics and mathematics will be recruited and their educations will be enhanced, and a diverse student population is being trained. The project will also foster future research interactions with other fields (gravitational implications, nanotechnology, quantum graphs, spectral geometry).","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY","awardeeAddress":"202 HIMES HALL","awardeeCity":"BATON ROUGE","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"06","awardeeDistrictCode":"LA06","awardeeName":"Louisiana State University","awardeePhone":"2255782760","awardeeStateCode":"LA","awardeeZipCode":"708030001","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"08/24/2010","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"216847","expDate":"08/31/2014","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS","fundsObligated":["FY 2010 = $70,735.00","FY 2011 = $72,261.00","FY 2012 = $73,851.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"216847","histAwd":"false","id":"0968448","initAmendmentDate":"08/24/2010","jrnl":[{"artTitl":"A general integral","auth":"Estrada, Ricardo and Vindas, Jasson","authIndCode":"N","dgtlObjId":"10.4062/dm483-0-1","jrnlTitl":"Dissertationes Mathematicae","jrnlVol":"483","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artTitl":"Exterior Euler summability","auth":"Estrada, Ricardo and Vindas, Jasson","authIndCode":"N","jrnlTitl":"Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications","jrnlVol":"388","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artPageNum":"1","artTitl":"A general integral","auth":"Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Disertationes Mathematicae (Rozprawy Mat.)","jrnlVol":"483","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artPageNum":"403","artTitl":"Distributional versions of Littlewood's theorem","auth":"Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal","jrnlVol":"63","jrnlYr":"2013"},{"artPageNum":"48","artTitl":"Exterior Euler summability","auth":"Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications","jrnlVol":"388","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artPageNum":"895","artTitl":"On Borel summability and analytic functionals","auth":"Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics","jrnlVol":"43","jrnlYr":"2013"},{"artPageNum":"539","artTitl":"On Tauber's second theorem","auth":"Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Tohoku Mathematical Journal","jrnlVol":"64","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artPageNum":"201","artTitl":"On Radial Functions and Distributions and Their Fourier Transforms","auth":"Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"J. Fourier Analysis and Appls.","jrnlVol":"20","jrnlYr":"2014"},{"artPageNum":"351","artTitl":"The set of singularities of regulated functions of several variables","auth":"Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Collectanea Mathematica","jrnlVol":"63","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artPageNum":"121","artTitl":"On distributional point values and boundary values of analytic functions","auth":"Ricardo Estrada and Jasson Vindas","jrnlTitl":"Rendiconti Sem. Mat. Torino","jrnlVol":"70","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artPageNum":"455402","artTitl":"Surface vacuum energy in cutoff models: presure anomaly and distributional gravitational limit","auth":"Ricardo Estrada, Stephen A. Fulling, and Fernando D. Mera","jrnlTitl":"J. Physics A","jrnlVol":"45","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artTitl":"Regularization using different surfaces and the second order derivatives of 1/r","auth":"Yang, Yunyun and Estrada, Ricardo","authIndCode":"N","dgtlObjId":"10. 1080/00036811.2011.608159","jrnlTitl":"Applicable Analysis","jrnlYr":"2011"},{"artPageNum":"821","artTitl":"Distributions in spaces with thick points","auth":"Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications","jrnlVol":"401","jrnlYr":"2013"},{"artPageNum":"1","artTitl":"Extension of Frahm formulas for ?_{i}?_{j}(1/r)","auth":"Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Indian Journal of Mathematics","jrnlVol":"55","jrnlYr":"2013"},{"artPageNum":"246","artTitl":"Regularization using different surfaces and the second order derivatives of 1/r","auth":"Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Applicable Analysis","jrnlVol":"92","jrnlYr":"2013"},{"artPageNum":"197","artTitl":"The dual of the space of regulated functions in several variables","auth":"Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada","jrnlTitl":"Sarajevo J. Math.","jrnlVol":"9","jrnlYr":"2013"},{"artPageNum":"623","artTitl":"Method of analytic continuation for the inverse spherical mean transform in constant curvature spaces","auth":"Yuri A. Antipov, Ricardo Estrada, and Boris Rubin","jrnlTitl":"Journal d'Analyse Mathématique","jrnlVol":"118","jrnlYr":"2012"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"06/07/2012","managingPec":"128700","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"","pdPIName":"Ricardo Estrada","perfAddress":"202 HIMES HALL","perfCity":"BATON ROUGE","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"06","perfDistrictCode":"LA06","perfLocation":"Louisiana State University","perfStateCode":"LA","perfZipCode":"708030001","pi":["Ricardo Estrada restrada@math.lsu.edu"],"piEmail":"restrada@math.lsu.edu","piFirstName":"Ricardo","piId":"269722173","piLastName":"Estrada","poEmail":"bmihaila@nsf.gov","poName":"Bogdan Mihaila","poPhone":"7032928235","primaryProgram":["01001011DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT","01001112DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT","01001213DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"128700","program":"PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE, EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES","progRefCode":"7483, 9150","projectOutComesReport":"Our research focused on precision measurements of the Casimir force using a high-sensitivity torsion balance, with particular emphasis on accurate quantification of surface electric effects in real metals.
\nTo launch a successful campaign to construct a fully-operating torsion experiment, the PI has developed a number of precision techniques ranging from scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM), to a mechanical-break junction (MBJ) experiment to explore the surface electric effects in metal contacts, and to a high-precision interferometer dedicated to measure a sub-nanometer displacement caused by radiation pressure. All of these key findings have been summarized and reported in the following peer-reviewed journals:
\n1. T. Graveson*, C. Rackson*, and W. J. Kim , “Development of a high sensitivity torsion balance to investigate the thermal Casimir force,\" Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 14 , 337 (2012).
\n2. M. Pahlmeyer*, A. Hankins*, S. Tuppan*, and W. J. Kim , “Scanning capacitance microscopy using a relaxation oscillator,\" Am. J. Phys. 83 , 104 (2015).
\n3. C. Rackson*, A. Watt*, and W. J. Kim , “Effect of surface contact potential in atomic-size contacts,\" Physics Letters A 379 , 2239 (2015).
\n4. G. Jesensky*, D. Dams*, O. Khomenko*, and W. J. Kim, “A simple table-top demonstration of radiation pressure on a macroscopic object” submitted to arXiv: 1606.01919. with asterisk * indicating student co-authors.
\nDuring the grant period (2013-2015) a total of six undergraduate students have participated in our research projects during the summers. These opportunities provided them with valuable hands-on experience in experimental physics. Their work has been recognized at the professional meetings and conferences throughout the country, with three students being recipients of best research/presentation awards at the APS March Meeting from 2014-2016.
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\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 08/03/2016
\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Woo-Joong Kim
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","publicAccessMandate":"0","publicationResearch":["Dissertationes Mathematicae~2012~483~Estrada, Ricardo and Vindas, Jasson~10.4062/dm483-0-1~A general integral~N~","Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications~2012~388~Estrada, Ricardo and Vindas, Jasson~Exterior Euler summability~N~","Disertationes Mathematicae (Rozprawy Mat.)~2012~483~Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada~1~A general integral~","Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal~2013~63~Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada~403~Distributional versions of Littlewood's theorem~","Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications~2012~388~Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada~48~Exterior Euler summability~","Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics~2013~43~Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada~895~On Borel summability and analytic functionals~","Tohoku Mathematical Journal~2012~64~Jasson Vindas and Ricardo Estrada~539~On Tauber's second theorem~","J. Fourier Analysis and Appls.~2014~20~Ricardo Estrada~201~On Radial Functions and Distributions and Their Fourier Transforms~","Collectanea Mathematica~2012~63~Ricardo Estrada~351~The set of singularities of regulated functions of several variables~","Rendiconti Sem. Mat. Torino~2012~70~Ricardo Estrada and Jasson Vindas~121~On distributional point values and boundary values of analytic functions~","J. Physics A~2012~45~Ricardo Estrada, Stephen A. Fulling, and Fernando D. Mera~455402~Surface vacuum energy in cutoff models: presure anomaly and distributional gravitational limit~","Applicable Analysis~2011~Yang, Yunyun and Estrada, Ricardo~10. 1080/00036811.2011.608159~Regularization using different surfaces and the second order derivatives of 1/r~N~","Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications~2013~401~Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada~821~Distributions in spaces with thick points~","Indian Journal of Mathematics~2013~55~Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada~1~Extension of Frahm formulas for ?_{i}?_{j}(1/r)~","Applicable Analysis~2013~92~Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada~246~Regularization using different surfaces and the second order derivatives of 1/r~","Sarajevo J. Math.~2013~9~Yunyun Yang and Ricardo Estrada~197~The dual of the space of regulated functions in several variables~","Journal d'Analyse Mathématique~2012~118~Yuri A. Antipov, Ricardo Estrada, and Boris Rubin~623~Method of analytic continuation for the inverse spherical mean transform in constant curvature spaces~"],"startDate":"09/01/2010","title":"Collaborative Research: Quantum Vacuum Energy","transType":"Continuing Grant","ueiNumber":"ECQEYCHRNKJ4"},{"abstractText":"This award provides funds to help defray the expenses of students and young scientists in order to enable them to attend the Ninth Workshop on Quantum Field Theory Under the Influence of External Conditions (QFEXT09) which will be held at the University of Oklahoma in September 2009. The conference commemorates the birth of H. B. G. Casimir in 1909. Topics to be addressed in this workshop include Casimir and van der Waals forces: progress in theory and new experiments, applications at micro- and nanoscale; Casimir effect: exact and approximate methods, related mathematical problems; vacuum quantum effects in classical background fields: renormalization, singular backgrounds, applications to particle and high energy physics; vacuum energy and gravity: renormalization of Einstein's equations with singular source functions, vacuum energy in supersymmetric and noncommutative theories. This meeting is the leading forum for the discussion of quantum vacuum phenomena, with participation by most of the leading workers in the field. The broader impacts are that the funding will be used to support the travel of invited junior US participants (graduate students and postdocs) in the workshop who otherwise would be unable to attend. Publication of the results of the workshop will ensure the dissemination of new findings. Informal collaborations fostered by this meeting, as in previous meetings, will have profound impacts on future research in this area. There will be equal numbers of US and foreign students and postdocs which will provide great chances for international interchanges and collaborations.","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA","awardeeAddress":"660 PARRINGTON OVAL RM 301","awardeeCity":"NORMAN","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"04","awardeeDistrictCode":"OK04","awardeeName":"University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","awardeePhone":"4053254757","awardeeStateCode":"OK","awardeeZipCode":"730193003","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"09/13/2009","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"2500","expDate":"08/31/2010","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"Particle Astrophysics & Cosmol","fundsObligated":["FY 2009 = $2,500.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"2500","histAwd":"false","id":"0855088","initAmendmentDate":"09/13/2009","jrnl":[{"artPageNum":"2171","artTitl":"Selected Papers from the Ninth Conference on Quantum Field Theory Under the Influence of External Conditions (QFEXT09)","auth":"K. Milton and M. Bordag, editors","authIndCode":"N","jrnlTitl":"International Journal of Modern Physics A","jrnlVol":"24","jrnlYr":"2010"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"09/13/2009","managingPec":"128600","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"","pdPIName":"Kimball A Milton","perfAddress":"660 PARRINGTON OVAL RM 301","perfCity":"NORMAN","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"04","perfDistrictCode":"OK04","perfLocation":"University of Oklahoma Norman Campus","perfStateCode":"OK","perfZipCode":"730193003","pi":["Kimball A Milton milton@nhn.ou.edu"],"piEmail":"milton@nhn.ou.edu","piFirstName":"Kimball","piId":"000115863","piLastName":"Milton","piMiddeInitial":"A","poEmail":"kdienes@nsf.gov","poName":"Keith Dienes","poPhone":"7032925314","primaryProgram":["01000910DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"128800","program":"UNASSIGNED, EXP PROG TO STIM COMP RES, OTHER RESEARCH OR EDUCATION","progRefCode":"0000, 9150, OTHR","publicAccessMandate":"0","publicationResearch":["International Journal of Modern Physics A~2010~24~K. Milton and M. Bordag, editors~2171~Selected Papers from the Ninth Conference on Quantum Field Theory Under the Influence of External Conditions (QFEXT09)~N~"],"startDate":"09/15/2009","title":"Quantum Field Theory Under the Influence of External Conditions; Norman, OK","transType":"Standard Grant","ueiNumber":"EVTSTTLCEWS5"},{"abstractText":"This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5). This award provides support to Washington University in St. Louis in their effort to build an extremely sensitive and versatile torsion balance. The instrument will probe possible deviations from the inverse square law of Newtonian gravity at sub-millimeter distances, and study Casimir forces, which are macroscopic manifestations of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic vacuum. The torsion balance that will be built is comprised of a gold-coated aluminum disk, suspended by its edge with a fine torsion fiber, inside a high vacuum chamber. The suspended disk is viewed by an auto collimating optical lever of sub-nanoradian resolution. A large circular sheet of gold acts as a source of the force fields under study. This plate will be mounted in close proximity to the disk, with its face nearly parallel to it. It will be moved to and fro, and also in a yaw-like oscillation through a small angle, while the response of the suspended disk is being continuously recorded by the optical lever. The frequency, amplitude and phase of the angular oscillations of the suspended disk carry information about any deviations from Newtonian gravity and the Casimir force at sub-millimeter length scales.\r\n\r\nThese experiments will probe the finite temperature corrections to the Casimir force and any deviations from the inverse square law of gravity, such as those predicted by new theories of particle physics, including those that postulate extra spatial dimensions. These new theories attempt to unify gravitation with electromagnetic, nuclear and the weak forces, and suggest the existence of hitherto undiscovered particles that can act as dark matter dominating the formation and the dynamics of galaxies. The Casimir force is a macroscopic manifestation of the quantum vacuum that could be related to the dark energy responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. Thus, any confirmed deviations from the inverse square law will have a large impact on knowledge of fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology. The experimental effort and the instrumentation are highly interdisciplinary, involving vacuum technology, optics, mechanical engineering, signal analysis, and of course, physics. This project provides an excellent training ground for post-doctoral scholars, graduate and undergraduate students. In addition, undergraduate students from technical colleges will be included in this project as a part of the outreach effort at Washington University.\r\n","activeAwd":"false","agency":"NSF","arraAmount":"502191","awardAgencyCode":"4900","awardee":"WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, THE","awardeeAddress":"1 BROOKINGS DR","awardeeCity":"SAINT LOUIS","awardeeCountryCode":"US","awardeeDistrict":"01","awardeeDistrictCode":"MO01","awardeeName":"Washington University","awardeePhone":"3147474134","awardeeStateCode":"MO","awardeeZipCode":"631304862","cfdaNumber":"47.049","date":"08/31/2009","dirAbbr":"MPS","divAbbr":"PHY","estimatedTotalAmt":"502191","expDate":"08/31/2013","fundAgencyCode":"4900","fundProgramName":"Gravity Exp. & Data Analysis","fundsObligated":["FY 2009 = $502,191.00"],"fundsObligatedAmt":"502191","histAwd":"false","id":"0855646","initAmendmentDate":"08/31/2009","jrnl":[{"artPageNum":"052516","artTitl":"General approach to Casimir force problems based on local reflection amplitudes and Huygensâ?? principle","auth":"C. D. Markle and R. Cowsik","authIndCode":"N","dgtlObjId":"10.1103/PhysRevA.85.052516","jrnlTitl":"Physical Review A","jrnlVol":"85","jrnlYr":"2012"},{"artPageNum":"052516","artTitl":"General approach to Casimir force problems based on local reflection amplitudes and Huygens?s principle","auth":"C. D. Markle and R. Cowsik","jrnlTitl":"Phys. Rev. A","jrnlVol":"85","jrnlYr":"2012"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"08/31/2009","managingPec":"124300","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"","pdPIName":"Ramanath Cowsik","perfAddress":"1 BROOKINGS DR","perfCity":"SAINT LOUIS","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"01","perfDistrictCode":"MO01","perfLocation":"Washington University","perfStateCode":"MO","perfZipCode":"631304862","pi":["Ramanath Cowsik cowsik@physics.wustl.edu"],"piEmail":"cowsik@physics.wustl.edu","piFirstName":"Ramanath","piId":"000220394","piLastName":"Cowsik","poEmail":"pmarrone@nsf.gov","poName":"Pedro Marronetti","poPhone":"7032927372","primaryProgram":["01R00910DB RRA RECOVERY ACT"],"progEleCode":"124300","program":"UNASSIGNED, RECOVERY ACT ACTION, PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE, OTHER RESEARCH OR EDUCATION","progRefCode":"0000, 6890, 7483, OTHR","publicAccessMandate":"0","publicationResearch":["Physical Review A~2012~85~C. D. Markle and R. Cowsik~10.1103/PhysRevA.85.052516~052516~General approach to Casimir force problems based on local reflection amplitudes and Huygensâ?? principle~N~","Phys. Rev. A~2012~85~C. D. Markle and R. Cowsik~052516~General approach to Casimir force problems based on local reflection amplitudes and Huygens?s principle~"],"startDate":"09/01/2009","title":"Experimental Investigation of Forces in the Submillimeter Range","transType":"Standard Grant","ueiNumber":"L6NFUM28LQM5"},{"abstractText":"The proposal is to investigate the vacuum Casimir energy from a quantum field theory point of view and its connections to spectral theory and asymptotic properties of differential operators. Mathematicians and physicists are involved as PIs. They propose to work on questions about the consistency between local and global renormalized vacuum energies and the sign of the vacuum energy. The connection between the vacuum energy and periodic classical orbits via the semiclassical Maslov indices will be analyzed in particular by looking at the eigenvalue energy distributions. The PIs propose also to calculate the vacuum energies and spectral densities near boundary edges and corners: the spectral effects of such singular boundaries are also of mathematical interest in connection with generalized index theorems, which may include other explicit physical applications. \r\nThe broader impact of the project stems partly from its interdisciplinary nature. Vacuum energy is relevant both to new nanotechnology devices and to cosmological issues (\"dark energy\"). Mathematically, the connection between periodic-orbit theory and vacuum energy and the implications of vacuum energy for spectral theory have barely been explored. 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Ser.~2009~161~K. A. Milton~012001~Recent Developments in the Casimir Effect~N~","Phys. Rev. D~2008~77~K. A. Milton and J. Wagner~10.1103/PhysRevD.77.045005~045005~Exact Casimir Interaction Between Semitransparent Spheres and Cylinders~N~","J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.~2008~41~K. A. Milton and J. Wagner~155402~Multiple Scattering Methods in Casimir Calculations~N~","Physical Review D~2010~81~K.A. Milton, J. Wagner, P. Parashar, and I. Brevik~065007~Casimir Energy, Dispersion, and the Lifshitz Formula~N~","Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology~2010~B28~K.A. Milton, P. Parashar, J. Wagner, and I. Cavero-Pelaez~C4A8~Multiple Scattering Casimir Force Calculations: Layered and Corrugated Materials, Wedges, and Casimir-Polder Forces~N~","J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.~2008~41~K. A. Milton, S. A. Fulling, P. Parashar, A. Romeo, K. V. Shajesh, and J. A. Wagner~164052~Gravitational and Inertial Mass of Casimir Energy~N~","Physical Review D~2009~80~Kimball A. 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Fulling","authIndCode":"N","jrnlTitl":"New Journal of Physics","jrnlVol":"8","jrnlYr":"2006"}],"latestAmendmentDate":"03/24/2008","managingPec":"128700","orgCodeDir":"03000000","orgCodeDiv":"03010000","orgLongName":"Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences","orgLongName2":"Division Of Physics","orgUrl":"http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=phy","parentUeiNumber":"","pdPIName":"Stephen A Fulling","perfAddress":"400 HARVEY MITCHELL PKY S STE 300","perfCity":"COLLEGE STATION","perfCountryCode":"US","perfDistrict":"10","perfDistrictCode":"TX10","perfLocation":"Texas A&M University","perfStateCode":"TX","perfZipCode":"778454375","pi":["Stephen A Fulling fulling@math.tamu.edu"],"piEmail":"fulling@math.tamu.edu","piFirstName":"Stephen","piId":"000104918","piLastName":"Fulling","piMiddeInitial":"A","poEmail":"","poName":"Earle L. Lomon","poPhone":"","primaryProgram":["app-0106","app-0107","01000809DB NSF RESEARCH & RELATED ACTIVIT"],"progEleCode":"128700","program":"UNASSIGNED, OTHER RESEARCH OR EDUCATION","progRefCode":"0000, OTHR","publicAccessMandate":"0","publicationResearch":["JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND THEORETICAL~2009~42~Berkolaiko, G; Harrison, JM; Wilson, JH~10.1088/1751-8113/42/2/02520~http://wok-ws.isiknowledge.com/WoS?recid=174963072#000261398000009~Mathematical aspects of vacuum energy on quantum graphs~Y~","JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND THEORETICAL~2009~42~Fulling, SA; Kaplan, L; Kirsten, K; Liu, ZH; Milton, KA~10.1088/1751-8113/42/15/15540~http://wok-ws.isiknowledge.com/WoS?recid=178596109#000264505200011~Vacuum stress and closed paths in rectangles, pistons and pistols~Y~","PHYSICAL REVIEW A~2007~76~Fulling, SA; Kaplan, L; Wilson, JH~10.1103/PhysRevA.76.01211~http://wok-ws.isiknowledge.com/WoS?recid=157672778#000248486600036~Vacuum energy and repulsive Casimir forces in quantum star graphs~Y~","PHYSICS LETTERS B~2009~671~Fulling, SA; Kirsten, K~10.1016/j.physletb.2008.11.03~179~180~http://wok-ws.isiknowledge.com/WoS?recid=176073084#000262799900034~Comment on: \"The Casimir force on a piston in the spacetime with extra compactified dimensions\" [Phys. Lett. B 668 (2008) 72]~Y~","JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND THEORETICAL~2007~40~Fulling, SA; Kuchment, P; Wilson, JH~10.1088/1751-8113/40/47/00~14165~14180~http://wok-ws.isiknowledge.com/WoS?recid=159037406#000250687800011~Index theorems for quantum graphs~Y~","PHYSICAL REVIEW D~2007~76~Fulling, SA; Milton, KA; Parashar, P; Romeo, A; Shajesh, KV; Wagner, J~10.1103/PhysRevD.76.02500~http://wok-ws.isiknowledge.com/WoS?recid=157408052#000248545200051~How does Casimir energy fall?~Y~","Journal of Physics A~2008~41~K. A. Milton, S. A. Fulling, K. V. Shajesh, P. Parashar, A. Romeo, J. A. Wagner~164052~Gravitational and inertial mass of Casimir energy~N~","PHYSICAL REVIEW D~2009~79~Kirsten, K; Fulling, SA~10.1103/PhysRevD.79.06501~http://wok-ws.isiknowledge.com/WoS?recid=178856752#000264762500102~Kaluza-Klein models as pistons~Y~","Journal of Physics A~2008~41~R. Estrada, S. A. Fulling, L. Kaplan, K. Kirsten, Z. H. Liu, K. A. Milton~164055~Vacuum stress-energy density and its gravitational implications~N~","Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications~2007~3~S. A. Fulling~094~Vacuum energy as spectral geometry~N~","International Journal of Modern Physics A~2010~25~S. A. Fulling~10.1142/S0217751X10049645~2364~Vacuum energy density and pressure near boundaries~N~","New Journal of Physics~2006~8~Z. H. Liu and S. A. Fulling~234~Casimir energy with a Robin boundary: The multiple-reflection cylinder-kernel expansion~N~"],"startDate":"06/15/2006","title":"Collaborative Research: Quantum Vacuum Energy","transType":"Continuing Grant","ueiNumber":"EQH8NQ4AXFT7"}],"metadata":{"offset":0,"rpp":25,"totalCount":17}}}The project generated several interesting ideas and mathematical techniques, as described below. Here we concentrate in the more mathematical aspects of the project, corresponding to the work done at the Louisiana State University; the more physical aspects of this collaborative project in the study of the mathematical physical problems in Quantum Vacuum Energy, were done in the other institutions of higher learning, namely, Texas A&M University and the University of Oklahoma.
\nWe developed a new mathematical procedure, the thick distributional calculus, that allows one to consider physical or mathematical systems where one or several special points, the thick points, are present. These thick points correspond to the idealization of small objects, like black holes, where the equations of the system cease to hold. We constructed a space of thick test functions and a corresponding space of thick test distributions, as in the standard theory of distributions, and were able to show that one can perform the usual operations of calculus, namely, algebraic operations, changes of variables, differentiation, and projection onto the space of usual distributions. We also developed a theory of asymptotic expansions of thick distributions, that would allow us to understand the behavior of a system near a thick point; this theory of asymptotic expansions generalizes the theory developed by the principal investigator Professor Ricardo Estrada in his books of 1994 and of 2002.
\nAlso, as part of the project, in collaboration with Professor Jasson Vindas of Ghent University in Belgium, we constructed a new integral that permits us to integrate highly oscillatory functions. This integral, the distributional integral, is more general than the basic Riemann integral of elementary calculus, than the Lebesgue integral, and even more powerful that the Denjoy-Perron-Henstock integral. It must be observed that the computations of the Casimir effect many times involve rather oscillatory integrands, and thus this new integral is quite appropiate for such a framework. We expect this new integral to have many applications in the future. The 49 page substantial article that details the construction was published in Disertationes Mathematicae (Rozprawy Mat.) in 2012.
\nMany more important results on the behavior of functions, systems, and equations near singularities, whether points, lines, surfaces, corners, or similar, were obtained. The project generated 19 journal articles, published in international mathematical journals, where the details can be found.
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\n\t\t\t\t \tLast Modified: 11/10/2014
\n\t\t\t\t\tModified by: Ricardo Estrada